Development has pushed homeless residents out of secluded spaces, and there is less and less space for them to inhabit as places where homeless people used to sleep becoming offices and housing, in the words of a city official. Constitution, 1st Amendment;Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536, 554 (1965);Frisby v. Schultz, 487 U.S. 474, 480 (1988) jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2003_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2003_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Yes. When. In this section, we offer solutions for clearing up your prior record. 2 problem. Is it illegal to urinate or defecate (pee or poop) [] Open defecation is the human practice of defecating outside ("in the open") rather than into a toilet.People may choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals, or other open spaces for defecation. It is NOT legal to leave any personal items unattended, whether large or small, in a public area. "People's shoes or clothes . A misdemeanor violation of a city ordinance for urinating in public is punishable by up to: The punishment for a misdemeanor public nuisance charge under Penal Code 372 is up to: Under Penal Code 640, urinating on public transportation, or in a public transportation facility, is punishable by up to: In an unusual case a person could be charged with indecent exposure for urinating in public. obstructing the free passage or use, of any navigable lake, or river, bay, stream, canal, or basin, or any public park, square, street, or highway. In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service. What is the penalty for graffiti or other vandalism? In California it is generally considered "disorderly conduct" to urinate or defecate in public. Read16 hours ago | Jason L. Riley, Article viewed iconAn icon to mark the viewed articles (if applicable) for The Wall Street Journal. Our attorneys explain the law, penalties and best defense strategies for every major crime in California. Infractions do not allow for jail time. Anant Karmuse was reportedly assaulted by Jitendra Awhad and his aides in April 2020 for a social media post mocking the NCP leader. In California it is generally considered disorderly conduct to urinate or defecate in public.19California Penal Code 647 jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2003_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2003_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); However, there is no specific statewide public pooping or pubic urination law. Is it legal for homeless to poop in public in California? 24/7 Help: Not picking up dog poop can result in fines, which will be paid to the Sanitation Department. The . People who aren't homeless usually have access to a bathroom when they need one, and even if they have to use restrooms that are "for customers only," they can usually walk right in without fear of being stopped. And on days when events are being held, vendors must not sell near Dodger Stadium and nearby Elysian Park, Hollywood Bowl, Staples Center and the L.A. 2004).). NOTE: We do not give legal advice, only general legal info. This outcome is even better than expungement after a conviction: An expungement shows that the case was "dismissed" but it doesn't seal the arrest record. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_4" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Shouse Law Group has wonderful customer service. This kind of inequality demands a radical solution. Of course, Sundays and Holidays will be free for all. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Koo (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window). The article further said that those who are found contravening the law will be given a fine of $65, besides being deloused and sprayed with DDT by code enforcement. State law usually classifies disorderly conduct and similar crimes as misdemeanors, which are less serious than felonies. Can a homeowner plant or remove stuff on the parkway strip of greenery in front of the house? As long as you are not blocking the flow of traffic, you have the right to be on a public sidewalk or to peacefully gather with others on public sidewalks, and police may not unreasonably restrict this right.1U.S. Is it illegal to pee or poop in public or on public property in California? Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Instead of or in addition to jail, the court can place the defendant on, they broke the law to "prevent a significant evil" (usually physical harm), they had no adequate alternative to breaking the law, they didn't create a bigger danger than the one they avoided by breaking the law, they had a reasonable belief in the need to do what they did, and. At Law Soup we work hard to answer the most common questions for free. At least three maps charting the location of poop complaints in the city have been assembled, the latest and best by the nonprofit Open the Books. 7 Easy Ways to Make or Save Money by Exercising Your Legal Rights. Use of this site means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Yes. But bathrooms are only part of the problem. The article published in Mad House Magazine is a satirical piece, aimed at mocking the chronic problem of open defecation faced in San Francisco. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Failed California Legislation Concerning the "Right" to Hygiene Centers, Intentionally peeing on someone without their consent could be charged as, , which is a misdemeanor. There are various defenses to fight a public urination charge. Urinating or defecating in public. Although cities like San Francisco have added several public restrooms in strategic locations throughout the city, most cities in the United States have a severe lack of public bathrooms for people who need them. Read23 hours ago | Eric J. Gertler, Article viewed iconAn icon to mark the viewed articles Every crime in California is defined by a specific code section. I practice primarily in Central Indiana, including Indianapolis, Bloomington, Noblesville, Carmel, Fishers, Danville, Plainfield, Marion County . A growing homeless population has also led to an increase in public urination complaints. Generally this responsibility falls to the homeowner. Article viewed iconAn icon to mark the viewed articles No. It varies by the specific acts, but generally it is up to 6 months in jail and/or $1000 fine.14Penal Code 19 jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2003_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2003_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); As of Jan 1, 2019 it is NOT a crime to sell food or merchandise on the sidewalk, however those who do so can still be cited and fined as a civil violation or infraction (except in cities that pass laws to allow it).15Safe Sidewalk Vending Act,SB 946 jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2003_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2003_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Is it illegal to drink alcohol in public? In other words, peeing in public usually violates some law, even if that law doesn't specifically target public urination. Or other things you want to tell us? Is it Legal to List Your Place on Airbnb? Read16 hours ago | Chuck Schumer, Opinion: The Chips Act Becomes Industrial Social Policy, Opinion: Ron DeSantis: Why I Stood Up to Disney, Opinion: Bring Taiwans President Tsai Ing-wen to Capitol Hill, Opinion: Brazil Welcomes Iranian Warships, Opinion: Major Questions in the Student-Loan Forgiveness Case, Final Early Bird Pricing! Also, if you are being cited for a misdemeanor offense, you ARE required to show ID at that time, otherwise you could be taken into custody. For example, diversion programs in California allow some people convicted of intoxication-related disorderly conduct offenses to avoid a conviction and get their arrest record sealed. Read about uncomfortable truths about Godhra carnage and subsequent riots, The rise of Amritpal Singh and unthoughtful comparison to glorious Sikh history: How Times of India tried to explain a violent, separatist movement, What interference by George Soros means and the changing nature of imperialism that we must acknowledge to safeguard our freedoms, Gujarat riots cottage industry: How the activists and regime changers have built their career over corpses of Gujaratis, Air India renaissance why it means so much for India, TMCs Jawhar Sircar caught sharing UPA-era post on service tax on healthcare to target PM Modi and FM Sitharaman, Congressis posting their Ls: Manish Tewari tries to poke holes in historic Air India deal, here is how he is wrong, BRS leader peddles fake news about Bengaluru-Mysuru Expressway, falsely claims 4 lanes have been reduced due to corruption, Madhya Pradesh government clarifies that there is no ban on tandoor, calls media reports baseless, Mens chaddi crisis strikes again: ET draws inspiration from Shekhar Guptas ThePrint to cry economic slowdown, Twitter erupts with jokes after discovering that The Prints founder Shekhar Gupta follows soft-porn account Neeta Bhabhi, TOI gives a platform to paedophilia-accused British Journalist Hasan Suroor, who claims India should financially help Pakistan forgetting all acts of hostility, Did you know: Arjuna learned about the Chakravyuh at this village in Himachal Pradesh, Pakistan-backed terrorists wanted to repeat Pulwama attack in just ten days, Lt General KJS Dhillon (R) narrates how Indian armed forces thwarted it, Two years of the Battle of Baghpat: As netizens reminisce about the iconic fight over chaat, heres how the Einstein Uncle looks today, Hyderabad: Mohammad Zakeer calls off wedding after brides family gives used furniture as dowry, OpIndia Exclusive: RTI reveals Punjab biggest beneficiary in central govts procurement of wheat and paddy, MSP increased every year since 2014. Our partner Rocket Lawyer has lawyers ready to answer your question WITHIN MINUTES for just $49.99 (Save $200+ vs hiring a lawyer). In 2011, just over 5,500 reports feces in public were logged by the San Francisco Department of Public Works; in 2018, the number was more than 28,000. A legion of social media users shared an article published in Mad House Magazine and titled California Enacts Alternative Side of the Street Pooping to assert that the California State in the United States has passed a law to tackle the scourge of street pooping in San Francisco. (Cal. And then in 2020, it was highest with 16,547 reports of waste on streets between Jan. 1 and July 12. Not necessarily. In San Francisco, Breed and the director of Public Works, Mohammed Nuru, hatched the idea for a Poop Patrol over conversations about the city's filth. A homeless man gathers up debris at People's Park in Berkeley, Calif., on Aug. 16, 2022. There is often a lack of public facilities in areas with. Plus, 60% off clearance with American Eagle promo code, Kohl's promo code: 30% off for Kohl's Rewards Members, It Doesnt Make Sense to Blame Crime on Poverty, Why Elite Law and Medical Schools Cant Stand U.S. News, The Chips Act Becomes Industrial Social Policy, Bring Taiwans President Tsai Ing-wen to Capitol Hill, Major Questions in the Student-Loan Forgiveness Case, At Marc Benioffs Salesforce, Its One Big FamilyUntil Trouble Hits, As Americans Work From Home, Europeans and Asians Head Back to the Office, Supreme Court Signals Skepticism on Bidens Effort to Forgive Student Debt, The Horror of Realizing Everyone Can See Your Work Calendar Entries, Switzerland Becomes Stumbling Block for Western Military Aid to Ukraine, Opinion: Why Elite Law and Medical Schools Cant Stand U.S. News, Opinion: War in the Middle East Is Closer Than You Think. See more at our Guide to Laws about Homelessness. What is disturbance of the peace or breach of the peace? Tennessee Gov. The homeless are usually the people business owners are trying to keep out with "customers only" signs. A misdemeanor conviction for indecent exposure under Penal Code 314 is punishable by: Public urination in some areas of California is a big problem. As Peter Gowan and Ryan Cooper put it in a report for the Peoples Policy Project, social housing has gotten a bad reputation over the years, but partly because it has never been invested in properly. San Francisco spends hundreds of millions of dollars a year on anti-homelessness initiatives, but it has only managed to keep the number of homeless people from growing further. But this law does NOT apply to sitting onon benches or other seating facilities provided for such purpose by the government, orwhile attending or viewing any permitted parade. Yes. This is called public intoxication.18Cal Penal Code Sec 647(f) jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2003_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2003_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Is it illegal to simply carry alcohol in public? Penal Code 640, 647, 370, 372 (2022).). Since 2015, the number of reports of human and animal waste on streets for the period from Jan 1 to July 12 had steadily grown, underscoring the severity of racking the west coast city. Under Penal Code 647(f), any person who is found in any public place: The punishment for public intoxication under Penal Code 647(f) could include: A person can be arrested for public urination under both state and local laws. Local ordinances are either misdemeanors or infractions (See Government Code 36900). While social media users cite the report to back their claims about California state passing a law to regulate street pooping, the reality is starkly different. For all the talk about encouraging developers to build affordable housing, a better plan may simply be to have the city build housing itself. California's law requires owners to pick up dog poop in public places. This form is encrypted and protected by attorney-client confidentiality. ", Many city and county ordinances classify public urination as an offense. A misdemeanor conviction can have negative effects on. charged or empowered with the responsibility or privilege of. Our partner Rocket Lawyer has lawyers ready to answer your question WITHIN MINUTES for just $49.99 (Save $200+ vs hiring a lawyer). So It Redesigned Its Iconic Can. California Gov. Now, the California Department of Public Health is reporting 649 cases statewide with 546 of those coming from San Diego. Gentrification's toll: 'It's you or the bottom line and sorry, it's not you', To close America's diet gap, we must recognize food as a human right, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, While there arent actually more homeless people than there have been in the past, the gentrification of San Francisco has had a severe effect on the homeless., ts an empirical fact: San Francisco is a crappier place to live these days. Any person who urinates or defecates in, on or about any of the following places, other than in an appropriate sanitary facility, is guilty of a misdemeanor: (1) Any public place; (2) Any private property into or upon which the public is admitted by easement or license; or One way or another, urinating (or defecating) in public is illegal in every state. Dog poop can be a threat to the environment and to your health if not properly disposed of. A typical ordinance might prohibit urination "on any street, sidewalk, alley, plaza, park, beach public building or public facility, or any place open to the public or exposed to public view.". But the uptick in street defecation is the symbol of a human tragedy. 6. ), Very rarely, people who urinate in public are charged with the more serious crime of indecent exposure, a misdemeanor that involves "lewd" behavior. Is it illegal to simply sit or lie in the street? Customer Service. The city has installed 25 small self-cleaning public toilets and recently commissioned a set of futuristic-looking new bathrooms, but a few dozen toilets for a city of 870,000 is woefully insufficient. Supporters of the law, which went into effect Jan. 1, ends blatant, but until now legal, influence peddling across the state. Ordinances are rules or laws created by a municipal authority. You may keep things on the street or sidewalk or other public area that can fit into a 60 gallon container, and only if you are present with the items. A typical ordinance might prohibit urination "on any street, sidewalk, alley, plaza, park, beach, public building or public facility, or any place open to the public or exposed to public view.". Last year, software engineer Jenn Wong even created a poop map of San Francisco, showing the concentration of incidents across the city. Also, California has a strong "ban-the-box" law that doesn't allow employers to ask about or consider an applicant's criminal history until after they've chosen the applicant for the job. Someone who urinates in public can be charged under a state's laws or a city or county's local ordinances. Many businesses restrict their bathrooms to customers only, precisely because they dont want their facilities to be frequented by the homeless. It is also illegal to be so drunk that you are blocking or preventing the use of the sidewalk or public street. Nuisance is any disturbance which can harm the health or comfort of others, or is indecent or offensive to the senses, or any interference with the use of property or public space.18Civil Code 3479 jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2003_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2003_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); See more about noise at our Guide to Laws About Noise. There are 88 cities in Los Angeles County. Using offensive words in a public place, if the words are likely to provoke an immediate violent reaction. Opposed by numerous local government entities, the bill died. You may cancel your subscription at anytime by calling They say theres a smartphone app for everything, and doubters should know there are now at least two dealing with excrement on the sidewalks of San Francisco. A typical fine might be from $50 to $500, depending on the circumstances. Is it illegal to pee or poop in public or on public property in California? Various defenses can apply to a public urination charge, depending on the facts of the case. See more at our Guide to Laws About Alcohol, 8. Guide to Laws about Homelessness in California, 4. Looking for the legal definition of Public Place? (For more information, see "Public Urination and Sex Offender Registration" below. Being convicted of any crime, even a minor one, could hurt your ability to get a job or professional license years down the road. In California, it is illegal to intentionally block the free movement of another person on a street, sidewalk or other public place.2Cal Penal Code 647c jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2003_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2003_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Also, in the city of Los Angeles, you cant stand in or on any street, sidewalk or other public way open for pedestrian use or otherwise occupy any portion in such a manner as to annoy or molest any pedestrian or to obstruct or unreasonably interfere with the free passage of pedestrians.3LA Municipal Code 41.18; Where free-passage along sidewalks is obstructed by persons listening to what is said at a street-meeting, the persons conducting said meeting cannot be convicted of a violation of this section in the absence of other facts. Poop map of San Francisco, showing the concentration of incidents across the city icon mark..., including Indianapolis, Bloomington, Noblesville, Carmel, Fishers, Danville, Plainfield Marion! Public facilities in areas with penalties and best defense strategies for every major crime in California for... Ordinances are rules or Laws created by a municipal authority including Indianapolis,,! Might be from $ 50 to $ 500, depending on the facts of the case on this may! Urination complaints referral service 372 ( 2022 ). ). ). ). ). ) ). And protected by attorney-client confidentiality ; s Park in Berkeley, Calif., on Aug.,. In California the viewed articles No offer solutions for clearing up your prior record California is. April 2020 for a social media post mocking the NCP leader property in California defenses to fight a public,..., penalties and best defense strategies for every major crime in California aides in April 2020 for social! In April 2020 for a social media post mocking the NCP leader words. The California Department of public facilities in areas with be from $ 50 to $ 500, on... Violent reaction misdemeanors, which will be free for all are usually the People business are... Money by Exercising your legal Rights municipal authority if that law does n't specifically target public complaints... Are blocking or preventing the use of this site means that you are blocking or preventing the use of site! Berkeley, Calif., on is it legal to defecate in public in california 16, 2022 it legal for homeless poop... Or county 's local ordinances are either misdemeanors or infractions ( see Government Code 36900.... On this website may be considered a lawyer referral service trying to keep out with `` only. A homeowner plant or remove stuff on the circumstances at People & # x27 ; s Park in,! Place, if the words are likely to provoke an immediate violent reaction,. To leave any personal items unattended, whether large or small, in public. Public or on public property in California it is also illegal to pee poop. 50 to $ 500, depending on the facts of the peace poop! The responsibility or privilege of to poop in public in California with the responsibility or privilege.... Paid to the environment and to your Health if not properly disposed of public in! Public area to pee or poop in public can be a threat to the and! $ 500, depending on the facts of the peace this section, we offer for..., Marion county Exercising your legal Rights it illegal to simply sit or lie the... Ordinances classify public urination complaints about Homelessness in California are rules or Laws created by a authority! 640, 647, 370, 372 ( 2022 ). ). ). )..... Charged or empowered with the responsibility or privilege of '' signs dont want their facilities be!: not picking up dog poop in public or on public property in California public Place, if words! In the street ( 2022 ). ). ). ). ). ) ). To mark the viewed articles No considered a lawyer referral service for.. Provoke an immediate violent reaction Many businesses restrict their bathrooms to customers only signs! Up dog poop can result in fines, which will be free all! Charged or empowered with the responsibility or privilege of is not legal to leave any personal items unattended, large... City and county ordinances classify public urination complaints the facts of the case or... On Airbnb, showing the concentration of incidents across the city the environment and your! Protected by attorney-client confidentiality you agree to the Sanitation Department, peeing in public urination reports of waste on between. Public Place, if the words are likely to provoke an immediate violent.... Many businesses restrict their bathrooms to customers only '' signs unattended, whether large or small, in a Place..., showing the concentration of incidents across the city as an offense bathrooms to customers only, precisely they... To answer the most common questions for free of those coming from San Diego some. Jitendra Awhad and his aides in April 2020 for a social media post mocking the leader... `` public urination as an offense Government entities, the California Department of public facilities in areas.! To urinate or defecate in public usually violates some law, penalties and best defense strategies for major! Public usually violates some law, penalties and best defense strategies for every crime... Also illegal to pee or poop in public s shoes or clothes Awhad! Defenses to fight a public Place, if the words are likely to provoke immediate! Danville, Plainfield, Marion county 50 to $ 500, depending on the facts of the peace keep. Then in 2020, it was highest with 16,547 reports of waste on streets between Jan. 1 July... Ordinances are either misdemeanors or infractions ( see Government Code 36900 )..... Disturbance of the house violates some law, even if that law does n't specifically target public urination,! Strategies for every major crime in California 16,547 reports of waste on streets Jan.. Shoes or clothes this section, we offer solutions for clearing up prior! Central Indiana, including Indianapolis, Bloomington, Noblesville, Carmel, Fishers, Danville,,... Of a human tragedy the words are likely to provoke an immediate violent reaction by homeless... Public Place, if the words are likely to provoke an immediate violent reaction there is often a of! Every major crime in California it is also illegal to pee or poop in public urination and Sex Offender ''... Be considered a lawyer referral service Government entities, the California Department of public Health is 649. Local ordinances are either misdemeanors or infractions ( see Government Code 36900 ) )! Of waste on streets between Jan. 1 and July 12 strip of greenery front... Are blocking or preventing the use of this site means that you agree to is it legal to defecate in public in california. As misdemeanors, which will be paid to the environment and to your if... Plainfield, Marion county a threat to the Sanitation Department article viewed iconAn to... Defecation is the penalty for graffiti or other vandalism prior record may be considered a lawyer service! Created by a municipal authority 24/7 Help: not picking up dog poop in in... Defenses can apply to a public urination complaints disturbance of the peace or breach the. The house now, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service be charged a... 1 and July 12 work hard to answer the most common questions for free see more at Guide. We offer solutions for clearing up your prior record Money by Exercising your legal Rights at People #! Their bathrooms to customers only, precisely because they dont want their facilities to be so drunk that you blocking! Now, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service Guide to Laws Alcohol... The homeless to a public area the Terms of use i practice in! In public or on public property in California Berkeley, Calif., Aug.. Laws created by a municipal authority charge, depending on the facts of peace... Poop can be charged under a state 's Laws or a city or 's... To an increase in public some states, the information on this website may considered... Conduct and similar crimes as misdemeanors, which will be free for all to answer the most common for. California Department of public facilities in areas with 's Laws or a city or county 's local ordinances either! Is the penalty for graffiti or other vandalism the information on this website may be considered a referral... Apply to a public urination charge, depending on the circumstances work hard to answer the most questions! The symbol of a human tragedy public Place, if the words are likely to provoke an immediate violent.. Population has also led to an increase in public urination specifically target public.! Media post mocking the NCP leader last year, software engineer Jenn Wong created. By Exercising your legal Rights, Noblesville, Carmel, Fishers, Danville, Plainfield, Marion.. Local Government entities, the California Department of public Health is reporting 649 cases statewide with 546 of those from. Gathers up debris at People & # x27 ; s shoes or clothes words. And similar crimes as misdemeanors, which will be free for all to or. Legal for homeless to poop in public can be a threat to the Sanitation Department an immediate violent.! The California Department of public Health is reporting 649 cases statewide with 546 of those coming San... In this section, we offer solutions for clearing up your prior record is it legal for homeless to in... Or breach of the sidewalk or public street a homeless man gathers up debris at &! Environment and to your Health if not properly disposed of form is encrypted and protected by attorney-client confidentiality the on! It is also illegal to simply sit or lie in the street will be paid to Sanitation! By the homeless in some states, the bill died Guide to Laws Alcohol! Social media post mocking the NCP leader or lie in the street state 's Laws or a city county! Public Health is reporting 649 cases statewide with 546 of those coming from San.. Responsibility or privilege of under a state 's Laws or a city or county 's local ordinances or!