irish republican army good or bad

Sort by: View. 78. The Provisional IRA soon becomes known as simply the IRA, while the other faction, known as the Original IRA, quickly diminishes in stature. Nevertheless, some former UK security and intelligence personnel suggest certain informers were criminals and financial nuisances. The IRA conducted attacks until its cease-fire in 1997 and agreed to disarm as a part of the 1998 Belfast Agreement, which established the basis for . Dudai, Underground Penality, 377381. Fiona Mitchell of Dublin's RTE Radio joins Neal . Most convictions were later overturned.101 One womans partner was remanded in custody. 18. Dudai, Underground Penality, 379382. We argue that it most certainly does. Irish Republicanism grew from the three principles of 'liberty', 'equality' and 'fraternity' in the French Revolution. Nonetheless, informers claiming psychological pressure to inform reinforces Republican beliefs surrounding unethical state behaviour.104 Engagement with specific informer legacy cases can provoke greater cohesion between Sinn Fin and their community, and continue justifying the need to end British rule.105. Here are some of the most important milestones in a Great Recession timeline of the financial crisisalso known as the 2008 recessionwhich read more, On September 11, 2001a clear, sunny, late summer dayal Qaeda terrorists aboard three hijacked passenger planes carried out coordinated suicide attacks against the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., killing everyone on board the planes and read more, Since its start a century ago, Communism, a political and economic ideology that calls for a classless society in which everything is shared equally, has seen a series of surgesand declines. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder 99. States and non-state groups see infiltrating opponents as invaluable. The British rigged elections, deliberately targeted Irish people and let Unionist Terrorists walk free, and they did massacres far deadlier than the IRA. The IRA became adept at raising money in Northern Ireland through extortion, racketeering, and other illegal activities, and it policed its own community through punishment beatings and mock trials. Its unlikely to be in our lifetime though. Assisted by extensive funding from some Irish Americans, the IRA procured weapons from international arms dealers and foreign countries, including Libya. Recently, some mainstream Republicans have engaged with more controversial cases. In 2006 the Northern Ireland Police Ombudsman announced there was no evidence showing McConville was an informer.136 To say this publicly was very unusual due to the neither confirm nor deny policy. Organisations by this name have been dedicated to irredentism through Irish republicanism, the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic free from British rule.. The Irish Republican Army has kept every commitment made by its leadership. Where disagreement emerges is on how decisive ethically dubious actions by some informers were in determining the overall effectiveness of the intelligence campaign. It enables them to maintain silence, safety or narratives about the morality of their actions. Neither have they publicly encouraged people to vote for Sinn Fins rivals. IRA apology, An Phoblacht, 12 April 2007. Its membership overlaps with that of Sinn Fin. 119. Beginning in 1970, the Provos carried out bombings, assassinations, and ambushes in a campaign they called the Long War. In 1973 they expanded their attacks to create terror in mainland Britain and eventually even in continental Europe. The UK states priority appears to be protecting national security and secrecy. 74. The conviction was subsequently quashed in 2008. Police in Northern Ireland say they were reviewing an unverified statement by an Irish Republican Army splinter group claiming responsibility for the shooting of a senior police officer . He suggests reasons for this stance include Republican leaders trying to maintain Republican group cohesion against dissenters (those against the peace process), with the latter viewing some informer revelations (such as the Donaldson case) as evidence for leadership duplicity during the peace process.35 But this view does not fully account for why Republican leaders engage with other alleged informer legacy cases. Other authors have analysed IRA informers legacy. For examples, see IRA offer amnesty, An Phoblacht, 28 January 1982, p.1, 67; RUC refines its informer strategy, An Phoblacht, 2 July 1992, pp.89. Breen, Agents, Sunday Life, 12 July 2008. McConvilles remains were found by a member of the public on a beach in county Louth in 2003.93 Three of the disappeared remain missing.94. Laurence McKeown, a former Republican prisoner, believes there probably would not be massive opposition to [informers] returning, unless a person in that community had a family member killed as a direct result of that informer or someone served a lengthy prison sentence because of them.87 Morrison envisaged the following situation if certain informers returned: one of them goes into a bar and sitting beside him is the brother of somebody his information got killed. The IRA has never been listed as a terrorist organization by the State Department,* but the British Home Office lists any group under the IRA name, as well as various splinter organizations, as proscribed terrorist groups. Oh yeah and while we are at it, who cares about anything remotely realistic? by Lindsay Maizland Dudai and Cohen, Triangle of Betrayal, 48; Darcy, To Serve the Enemy, 202203. Some self-confessed informers argue publicly that informing was morally justified. Balousha and Sherwood, Hamas Kills 21 Suspected Informers, The Guardian, 22 August 2014; for the Israel-Palestine conflict see also Dudai and Cohen, Triangle of Betrayal and Darcy, To Serve the Enemy, 2628. News about Irish Republican Army, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. . It was at this turbulent time, the threshold of the Anglo-Irish war (Black and Tan War, 1919-1920), that the term Irish Republican Army (IRA) arose. The IRA's purpose was to use armed force . 1 In fact, the battle between the UK state's informers and Irish Republicans in particular is a reoccurring theme throughout Irish history. These include: MI5; Metropolitan Police Special Branch before the early 1990s in an attempt to repel IRA activities in England; Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Branch (RUC SB), the Northern Irish police special branch prior to being reformed after 1998; and intelligence organisations associated with the British Army, including the Military Reaction Force (MRF) in the early 1970s and thereafter the Force Research Unit (FRU). Frampton et al. These could demonstrate elements of the state responding to pressure from certain ex-employees to remedy alleged unethical practises. It was estimated in the late 1990s that the IRA had enough weapons in its arsenal to continue its campaign for at least another decade. 116. For loyalist-UK state collusion cases see De Silva, Patrick Finucane Review; and The Rosemary Nelson Inquiry. For the INLA, see Holland and McDonald, INLA. As Dudai explains, they are self-confessed informers and agents who have released memoirs, proudly share their activities and frequently speak against Sinn Fin in the post-conflict period.66 One example is Raymond Gilmour. From 1969 until 1997, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) conducted an armed paramilitary campaign primarily in Northern Ireland and England, aimed at ending British rule in Northern Ireland in order to create a united Ireland. Reasons outlined above including self-preservation, protecting current and previous agents and intelligence activities account for this approach. 17. Part of HuffPost News. There are no clear legal mechanisms or pressures in international or UK law encouraging the state and Republicanism to address all informer legacy cases in a systematic way.156 This makes it surprising that either side has engaged at all with any informer legacy cases. Supporters say her hard line was inevitable after Irish Republican militants killed close Thatcher ally Airey Neave in a 1979 car bomb attack and the IRA came close to killing her in a bomb at the Conservative party conference in Brighton in 1984. Americans for the most part that were exposed to the IRA looked at them much the sa. McGuinness said the IRA posed no threat. During the Anglo-Irish War (Irish War of Independence, 191921) the IRA, under the leadership of Michael Collins, employed guerrilla tacticsincluding ambushes, raids, and sabotageto force the British government to negotiate. Links between Gaddafi and the IRA re-emerged in 1986 after Gaddafi's adopted daughter was killed along with more than 100 other people by US bombing raids launched from UK bases. 96. Jones. IRISH TROUBLES, AMERICAN MONEY. Donaldson went into hiding. Leahy, Intelligence War, 242; see also Frampton, Agents and Ambushes, 8493; Dingley and Kirk-Smith, Countering Terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Role of Intelligence; Moran, Evaluating Special Branch and the Use of Informant Intelligence in Northern Ireland. The former group became the core of the official Irish Free State Army, and the latter group, known as Irregulars, began to organize armed resistance against the new independent government. 148. 1798 Rebellion Enamel Pin Badge. On rare occasions, the state recognises strategic and political value in revealing information to support its conflict narrative. ", Provisional Irish Republican Army, Council on Foreign Relations, Bloody Sunday: What happened in Northern Ireland in 1972 and what is the Saville Inquiry?, Evening Standard, https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/irish-republican-army. : Irish Republican Ar . https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/smithwick-tribunal-final.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246867/0802.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/247461/0947.pdf, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/20457, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/10570, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/22/hamas-executes-suspected-infomers-gaza, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684520500425273, https://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/people-found, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3208620.stm, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/08/ira-informer-martin-mcgartland-secret-hearing-mi5, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/the-son-raymond-gilmour-hadnt-seen-for-33-years-tells-of-his-relief-at-death-of-the-supergrass-35187017.html, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/raymond-gilmour-abandoned-ira-supergrass-lay-dead-in-his-flat-for-up-to-a-week-35171158.html, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/government-to-introduce-statute-of-limitations-on-troubles-prosecutions-40651230.html, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2017.1349036, https://doi.org/10.1080/09592310903027132, https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2012.697618, https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830601084642, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20272671, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/incoming/former-intelligence-agent-kevin-fulton-who-was-born-in-newry-but-now-lives-somewhere-in-the-uk-is-in-hiding-from-the-ira-and-suing-the-british-government-for-a-severance-package-here-the-man-whose-been-described-variously-as-a-nuisance-a-rel-28026822.html, https://www.derryjournal.com/news/gilmour-collapse-1984-trial-against-derry-35-764619, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/hamas-amnesty-palestinian-spying-israel, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19131, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670882.2016.1264097, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6989698.stm, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/5262, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/16645, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/4724, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46598765, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/real-ira-claims-responsibility-for-2006-murder-of-denis-donaldson-1.743805, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/10046, https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2018.1517299, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/3592, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/02/former-british-spy-martin-mcgartland-police-report-confirms-shot-by-ira, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/30/ira-informer-stakeknife-arrested-in-investigation, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/29/sean-o-callaghan-obituary, http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu:81/paved.html, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-spys-tale-the-life-and-death-of-denis-donaldson-6104526.html, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/15875, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/16686, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/apology-from-ira-for-youth-s-murder-welcomed-1.1161994, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/more-than-20-people-may-be-prosecuted-after-stakeknife-inquiry-1.4038780, https://sluggerotoole.com/2006/01/18/exiles_cannot_expect_a_welcome_home/, https://www.dannymorrison.com/the-times-of-no-10s-main-murderer/, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684521003588070, https://policinginsight.com/features/interview/operation-kenova-the-pain-for-these-families-has-never-gone-away-says-former-chief/, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0511/breaking31.html, https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v15i1p107, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/o-loan-finds-no-evidence-mcconville-was-a-spy-1.789556, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-49913050, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1647, http://www.belfastdaily.co.uk/2014/05/26/revealed-mcguinness-legal-threat-over-raymond-gilmour-book/, https://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/missing, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684529708432416, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-51318297, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1181, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27235088, https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3csy98m, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. On Easter Monday 1916, Irish nationalists launched an armed revolt against British rule in Ireland. Anthony Braniff, An Phoblacht, 25 September 2003. For example, Fultons complaints were regarding protection and funds. The latter then had its own breakaways, namely the Real IRA and the Continuity IRA, each claiming to be the true successor of the Army of the Irish Republic. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. The factors outlined above mean a single response from states or armed groups towards alleged informers is unlikely post-conflict in various scenarios, particularly if conflicts end in a political compromise. Significantly, republicans agreed that the province would remain a part of Britain for as long as a majority of the population so desired, thus undermining the logic of continued military action by the IRA. The IRA was back in the headlines in 2015 when an investigation into the murder of a former IRA leader revealed that at least some of the organizational structure of the Provisional IRA was still in place. This ideological element, which fermented a disagreement over the form that Irish unity should take, complicates a purely tactical explanation for some of the splits (e.g. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Their community has not collectively demanded a pardon for all informers.32. Answer (1 of 34): The question presents a false dichotomy. Hi everyone! Human nature says that the man is going to throw a pint at him at least.88 Contemporary political concerns alongside long-term Republican community anger towards certain informers explains why these cases are not seen as being about correcting past injustices. Conversely, not addressing these cases offered the prospect of Sinn Fin facing contemporary criticism from within and outside its community. The Braniff family expressed sincere gratitude to the Republican Movement for apologising.111. For South Africa see Borer, A Taxonomy of Victims, 1096, 11101114. Campbell, OCallaghan, An Phoblacht, 6 March 1997, p.1011; MacCormaic, Touting, An Phoblacht, 11 June 1998; Hired Hacks, An Phoblacht, 18 September 2008. 50. Nov. 8, 1987: An IRA bombing intended to hit police security prior to a Remembrance Sunday war memorial service in Enniskillen kills 11all civiliansand injures 63. 69. Please make sure to upvote well written unpopular/controversial opinions, and downvote badly written opinions OR popular opinions. In July 2006, the British and Irish governments indicated that they believed that the IRA had ceased all centrally organized criminal activities, and subsequent reports indicate that the IRA is continuing to take steps to wind down, and even oppose, its paramilitary operations stemming from its splinter groups. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Irish-Republican-Army, Ohio State University - Origins - The Provisional Irish Republican Army, Council on Foreign Relations - Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) (aka, PIRA, "the provos," glaigh na hireann) (UK separatists), Irish Republican Army - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Irish Republican Army - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), IRA splinter group claims responsibility for police shooting, IRA dissidents suspected of shooting N Ireland detective. Tags: irish-culture, irish-republican-army, irish-american, irish-ancestry, irish-freedom Graphic tees. 147. 6. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Further revelations came in 2005. Since the Smithwick Tribunal was investigating IRA collusion with the Garda in the killing of RUC superintendents, Fultons evidence was always going to be against the IRA, not the state. Yet the actions of specific informers have contributed to this situation. The British retaliate 10 days later, with Operation Motorman, bringing in tanks to enter no-go areas controlled by the IRA in Derry and West Belfast. Six more IRA members and threeIrish National Liberation Army membersalso fast to death before the hunger strike ends in October, and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agrees to some of the demands of the protesters, which includes the right to visits, receive mail and wear civilian clothing. It is tricky for Republicans because only state archives can reveal if someone informed. Allegations surrounding UK security services role in the killing let to an inquiry. Arguably, the McConville case diverted attention away from investigations against the state such as Bloody Sunday and various collusion investigations including the Rosemary Nelson case.138 It can be seen as being part of preserving the reputation and practises of the state in the past and present. Introduction. He once publicised claims that the state abandoned him. Frampton, Agents and Ambushes; Matchett, Secret Victory; Moran, Evaluating Special Branch; Bamford, The Role and Effectiveness of Intelligence in Northern Ireland; Dingley and Kirk-Smith, Countering Terrorism in Northern Ireland. An independent state was created in the islands predominantly Catholic south, with its capital in Dublin; a smaller, northern district called Ulster, with a Protestant majority, remained part of the United Kingdom. As explained, she was disappeared by the IRA for allegedly informing in 1972. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. What was the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and why did it become so infamous in Northern Ireland and the Republic alike? 53. republican-news.org. Divisions between alleged and self-confessed informers over the motives and morality of informing further facilitates this mixed approach. The IRAs cease-fire ended in February 1996, when a bomb in the Docklands area of London killed two people, though it was reinstated in July of the following year. 15. I am giving you a political overview. Loyalist British Protestant paramilitaries aimed to stop the IRA achieving its objectives. Pat Finucane, 2012, 124; Rosemary Nelson, 2011, 463470. Since their inception as partisan freedom force in 1919 and as a radical terrorist cell in 1969, the IRA has always made excellent use of propaganda . Morrison stated: Some were caught and compromised Most informed not out of principle, contrary to what Sean OCallaghans book might suggest.86 Republicans believe celebrity informers exaggerate ideological motives to challenge Republicanism still, and to gain financial reward. In an interview, Boucher emphasised Operation Kenova recognises how: [m]istrust of the police by some parts of the community will not be addressed unless we can confront actions of the past.142 Potentially, the state allowed this investigation to try to build trust and public confidence in the security forces. Main Tag Irish Pride T-Shirt. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Thereafter, Gilmour left Derry. In 1999, he continued speaking against mainstream Republicans by releasing a memoir about his informing saving lives. In the centuries since these ideas have informed our politics, which has always been Internationalist and Democratic in outlook. Edited March 25, 2015 by bermacht. Implausible deniability communicates state power to opponents whilst evading public accountability. The Provisional IRA emerged from a split in the Irish Republican Army in 1969, partly as a result of that organisation's perceived failure to defend Catholic . 3. But their studies addressed wider questions about the reasons for the peace process. The IRA sought Irish unification and greater rights for Irish northern nationalists. 47. We also thank all contributors to the research. annotation. In fact, these admissions may have helped sustain community trust. IRA investigation locates grave sites, An Phoblacht, 1 April 1999. The Libyan leader . The thing about the Troubles is that neither side were the good guys. The state could always say Fulton chose to reveal his identity. Graffiti in . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Originally from Derry city, he infiltrated and disrupted Republican groups between 1976 and 1984. IRA information led to his body being retrieved near Dundalk in 1999.92 The IRA also claimed Jean McConville, a widow with ten children in Belfast, admitted informing in December 1972, and was subsequently disappeared. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! During the First World War, on 24 April, 1916, Irish republicans seized notable buildings in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic in what became known as the Easter Rising.The British Army clashed with rebels in the streets of Dublin and buildings in the city centre, including the General Post Office, were all but destroyed by British artillery. OCallaghan believed all but one of the supergrasses was motivated by selfish interests.144 Army agent Carlin sees distinctions too: An informer turns on their comrades like Denis Donaldson I was not betraying my cause.145 Various motives and perspectives on informing by those accused and self-confessed creates different views on how to deal with legacy. the history of the irish republican army is presented by an irish journalist who investigates the ira's origins, the dilemmas faced in ireland with the use of political violence, and the ira's foreign connections. He says: Being a collaborator was the worst reputation anyone could have in Palestine.49 During the anti-apartheid conflict in South Africa, armed groups killed many suspected informers.50 Hewitt suggests resistance to informers points not only to the continuing lack of legitimacy of the state in some quarters, but also to greater allegiance to human bonds of family, religion, ethnicity, nationality, geographical location, community, gender, sexuality and, most fundamentally, friendship.51 Rather than simply sowing seeds of disunity, informers can provoke greater cohesion between armed groups and a community to oppose the state. An alleged IRA member within the internal security department (which hunted suspected IRA informers in Belfast) was, ironically, accused by various sources of being senior informer for the British state codenamed Stakeknife.13 Alongside saving lives, multiple sources claim Stakeknife killed other informers and civilians to protect his identity.14 The accused denies the allegations.15 An independent inquiry led by Jon Boucher, former Chief Constable of Bedfordshire Police, is investigating the Stakeknife case. RUC Refines its Informers Strategy, An Phoblacht, 2 July 1992, p.89. 124. Our article explains reasons for the multi-layered approach adopted by Republican leaders. Since the late 1960s, the IRA has killed about 1,800 people, including about 650 civilians. They expanded their attacks to create terror in mainland Britain and eventually even in continental Europe infiltrating as. 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