Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Another significant second-tier god was Resheph, keeper of the gate to the underworld, through which the sun passed each evening (KTU 1.78). Religion Department They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The gods of the middle two ranks cosmic gods and gods of daily life have been eliminated from much (but not quite all) biblical poetry and narratives, usually leaving only the divine patron and his many angels. Provider slot online ini memiliki keunggulan dengan memiliki winrate dan RTP tertinggi di bandingkan dengan provider slot online lainnya. The land was fertile beyond anything the Hebrew nomads had ever seen. Daniel 7 presents the Cloud Rider replacing the chaotic beasts from the sea and receiving dominion from an elderly, El-like god. 2. Parker, SB, 1997, Ugaritic Narrative Poetry, SBL Writings from the Ancient World 9, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta. We have no idea what this rite was intended to accomplish. (For an alternate hypothesis on the origin of the word Canaan, see Tammuz 2001, pp. At Bronze Age Lachish, for example, inscriptions on bowls designate their contents as harvest tax (Nakhai 2001, p. 149; cf. ), Only One God? From the perspective of the elite classes, the higher gods played a more significant role, providing the ruling classes with religious and political legitimacy and the imposition of a divinely ordained legal structure. Maka dari itu hubungi customer service terlebih dahulu sebelum melakukan deposit slot pulsa tanpa potongan agar tidak terjadi hal hal yang tidak diinginkan. Links Canaanite and biblical religion have very little to say about life after death for commoners, women, or slaves. Burns, JB, 1998, Female Pillar Figurines of the Iron Age: A Study in Text and Artifact, Andrews University Seminary Studies, vol. The primary evidence adduced for Canaanite sexual magic comes from the Bible. >>
43, pp. From time to time it subverted the essential monotheism of the Israelites after they occupied Canaan, the Promised Land of the Old Testament. No wonder God's anger burned against his people and their leaders. WebWhether or not the Israelites and their religion were descended from an earlier tribe of Canaan or were simply influenced by a contemporary society, it is undeniable that the Sebelum anda mengirim pulsa, diwajibkan untuk menghubungi customer servicenya terlebih dahulu bahwa nomor tujuan yang akan dikirim masih aktif atau tidak. Hades, the Greek god of the underworld, became the namesake for the place of the dead and even for hell itself. Parker 1997). There appears to have been only one Baal, who was manifested in lesser Baals at different places and times. The Bible is another significant literary resource, as well as texts from various sites such as Emar. Anat is the young, wild virgin goddess, who is also known as the Lady of the high heavens (KTU 1.108). WebThe purpose of this paper is to briefly review what has been learned from modern research about the religion of the Canaanites. Asherah was the Canaanite goddess of fertility. The third of these great goddesses was the previously mentioned wife of the high god El who was known as Athirat, Ashirta, or Asherah. 930. Throughout the Israelites? Magical incantations were formulated to protect against serpents and scorpions, those who gossip, or those who use black magic to inflict the evil eye. One Ugaritic text seems to offer a ritual to cure sexual impotence. A Reply to Nadav Naaman, Ugarit-Forschungen, vol. This alternative viewpoint has not convinced the majority of researchers, who continue to interpret the evidence from the western Mediterranean as the remains of a religiously sanctioned method of population control. Links. Since the Philistines were not a people native to Canaan, it is possible that they adopted Dagon as their god after they conquered the Canaanites. Braun, W & McCutcheon, RT, eds., 2000, Guide to the Study of Religion, Cassell, London. 23843). WebAfter Israel's conquest of Canaan one of the greatest dangers to the covenant made with yahweh at Mount sinai was the widespread practice of vegetation and fertility cults by the The gods provided reassurance for these things (as in Haggai 1:211). Canaanite people needed to remain on good terms with Resheph, lest he lash out with an epidemic of plague, his most common weapon. In Canaan and beyond, royal monuments attest to the piety of kings who are the beloved ones of their gods. At an Iron Age Philistine city called Ekron, west of Jerusalem, storage jars in the sacred precinct are designated for Asherah and holy according to the statute of Qudshu. Apparently, a temple inscription gives Asherah-Qudshu an additional personal name and prays that she will bless and protect both the king of Ekron and his land (Gitin, Dothan & Naveh 1997). Tammuz, O, 2001, Canaan A Land Without Limits, Ugarit-Forschungen, vol. 6:13). Links Most egregious are popular publications aimed at pious readers. Corrections? Day 2000, p. 75). According to one version of the myth, Baal was not Els first choice for divine king, but when Baal proved his mettle by defeating Els beloved son, the god Yamm, El rewarded Baals bid for power (KTU 1.11.4). 18, No. Abrahamic-era Canaanite entrance to Dan. Cornelius, I, 2004, The Many Faces of the Goddess: The Iconography of the Syro-Palestinian Goddesses Anat, Astarte, Qedeshet, and Asherah c.15001000 BCE, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gttingen. The essential element in any academic study of any religion is a self-conscious neutrality that shows no favoritism toward any religious worldview, and this is accomplished by the application of the same set of evaluative criteria to every religion. Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, pp. This redefinition does not amount to repudiation of antecedent religious strategies, but rather a reaffirmation of them. Usually a god presided over the feast and received a wine offering, but this formal gesture was the only religious element in the event (Pardee 2002, pp. Therefore, the gods of Canaan can be arranged in a four-tier hierarchy: patron gods, cosmic gods, gods of daily life, and slave gods (or messengers). The Bronze Age is defined as ca.32001200 BCE, and the Iron Age follows the Bronze Age and includes the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, and Greek encroachments into Canaanite land, ca.1200160 BCE. The divine patron protects the property of males by violating or destroying the property of other males. An image from Ugarit depicts Athirat nursing the royal heirs of the city (though this is disputed by some, cf. A second and more significant problem with the concept of a Canaanite religion brings us back to the question of whom to include under the rubric Canaanite. The biblical distinction between Israelite and Canaanite religion is uncompromising, which implies that not all the religions practiced in the land of Canaan were Canaanite religions. These sacrifices took place only during times of war. Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, pp. 7:5, 12:2-3; 2 Kings 16:4, 17:10; Jer. These theologians invest the concept of distinctiveness with a value judgment, asserting or implying that biblical religion is superior to the inferior Canaanite cultural context from which it emerged. At a Syrian city called Emar, she is Astarte of battle (Fleming 1992). Dijkstra, M, 2001a, I Have Blessed You by YHWH of Samaria and His Asherah: Texts with Religious Elements from the Soil Archive of Ancient Israel, in B Becking, M Dijkstra, MCA Korpel and KJH Vriezen (eds. Links BUY THE BOOK AT 40% DISCOUNT. At Ugarit, variant versions of the same myth appear in the texts of contemporary scribes. Scholars frequently claim that the biblical god has nothing to do with the dead, but that is not quite accurate. This struggle to be totally committed to God is of vital importance to us today as well. Hillers, DR, 1985, Analyzing the Abominable: Our Understanding of Canaanite Religion, The Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 1478, Brill, Leiden. Day 2000, pp. Van Seters, J, 1999, The Pentateuch: A Social Science Commentary, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. Rainey, A, 1963, A Canaanite at Ugarit, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. . (KTU 1.3.ii.1215). It was not uncommon among the ancients (particularly of the Greco-Roman era) to slander others with charges of base sexual practices, and if one eliminates passages of this kind, the textual evidence for ritual sex nearly vanishes, though a handful of passages from ancient Greece might remain of interest for historians of that culture (MacLachlan 1992). At this family level, the kings divine patron was acknowledged (especially at tax time), but usually the patron god was not the center of pious attention. To date, there remains no archaeological evidence to corroborate any of the biblical passages, though many biblical scholars are convinced that the evidence from the western Mediterranean confirms biblical testimony (Heider 1985; J. These taxes were paid in kind, not coin (which had not yet been invented). Much of the evidence for this hypothesis is unconvincing. Tidak hanya itu, provider pragmatic play juga hadir dengan ribuan jenis game slot gacor yang siap membagikan jackpot hingga ratusan juta. Israelite religion is not Canaanite religion if, and only if, Protestant religion is not Christian religion, Conservative Judaism is not Jewish religion, and Shiite Muslims do not practice Islamic religion. Salah satu agen resmi slot online di Indonesia, yaitu melakukan daftar akun slot online gratis tanpa dipungut biaya sepeserpun. The Greeks had oracles, shrines where gods supposedly communicated the future to priests and priestesses. When Baal was killed by Mot, the god of the underworld, the dry season came. Or maybe it was simply the sinful pagan practices that attracted them to Baal. Z. Smith 1990, 2004). Karena telah hadir customer service 24 jam nonstop setiap harinya akan membuat para pemain bisa merasakan keseruan bermain judi slot online 100% adil hanya bersama agen slot online terpercaya di Indonesia. It is easy (and seductive) to honor possessions, fun, relationships, fame, money, and a host of other potential "gods.". The moral values of Canaanite culture are clearly on display in this tale: the divine patron punishes a man by killing a child and orchestrating the rape of other women. A few of these terms preserve faint memory of migrant groups, such as Philistines whose ancestors arrived from Greece. During the days of Joshua, the main concern of the people of Israel was the conquest of the land and the settlement of the tribes. The personalities and specialized activities of the Canaanite gods also remained in perpetual flux. van der Toorn, K, 1994, From Her Cradle to Her Grave: The Role of Religion in the Life of the Israelite and the Babylonian Woman, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. 113). Judi tembak ikan yang dihadirkan oleh playtech memiliki keuntungan jackpot paling menggiurkan para pemainnya dengan kemudahan untuk meraih nya. ), Ugarit and the Bible: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ugarit and the Bible, Manchester, September 1992, pp. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 2, pp. The references in Judges to these Canaanite deities is evidence that the people of Israel were involved in the worship of Canaanite gods and goddesses. The books concept of covenant derives its literary form and language from ancient Near Eastern international treaties (Weinfeld 1972, pp. In the ancient texts, Canaan refers to land, not ethnic groups and not culture, and Canaanite designates a person who is from the land of Canaan (cf. Nevertheless, the other gods of Canaan can be discerned just below the surface of the biblical text. This article appears by permission of Blackwell Publishing. The Hebrew God was different from the gods of the Canaanites. Daftar slot online menjadi sebuah langkah pertama yang wajib dilakukan oleh para slotmania untuk mendapatkan keamanan dan keseruan saat bermain judi slot online. In a largely illiterate, agricultural society bound to family and tradition, veneration of ones ancestors was no mere formality. <<
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. His textbook, Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction (Continuum, 2001), provides a general introduction for college undergraduates and first-year seminary students. Baal was the one who sent rain to water the ground to produce the fertility of the land. Ugaritic literature confirmed many of the things the Old Testament says about the religious practices of the Canaanites and shed light on the reasons the biblical writers were so hard on Israel because of their assimilation of Canaanite practices. 568; del Olmo Lete 2004, p. 154). Deuteronomy appears somewhat distinctive because its covenantal relationship exists between a god and a people rather than between a god and a king who represents a people, a point stressed by theologians (e.g., Mendenhall 2001). Slot Online PlaynGO
4572, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids. Slot PlaynGO sangat cocok dijadikan tempat bermain slot online setiap harinya, karena sudah disediakan tutorialnya cara bermain slot online dengan benar dan pastinya mendapatkan jackpot terus menerus. Ancient sources demonstrate that both gods control the weather, ride on clouds, defeat mythical beasts that symbolize the chaotic floodwaters threatening the earth, and rule as divine king. For example, Melqart (King of the City) later becomes known as the Baal of Tyre (J. The people of Israel developed their faith in the wilderness. ), Hosea, Isaiah, and Jeremiah thundered that Yahweh alone deserved the people?s allegiance. Naaman, N, 1999, Four Notes on the Size of Late Bronze Canaan, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. Noll, Professor WebCanaan and Israel, discussions critical to a full understanding of the world of Canaanite and Israelite religion. The morality of the divine patron can seem very foreign to modern sensibilities. Any religions god is the invention of those who worship that god. This blog is a Christian perspective on the Old Testament and Current Events from Dr. Claude Mariottini, Professor of Old Testament at Northern Baptist Seminary. Then an attempt will be made to give plausible explanations as to why this religion became so attractive to the Israelites upon entering the land of Canaan. T he Canaanites are well known as the inhabitants of the Promised Land, whom the Israelites clashed with at the end of their Exodus. Links 4000 bce). In the Iron Age, Astarte is paired frequently with a manifestation of Baal, and she receives the title Astarte of the splendorous heavens (Pritchard 1969a, p. 662). ), and the female held the primary authority, having revealed statutes, divine holy law (Noll 2001a, p. 247). Links Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, pp. The righteousness that the patron god demanded was identical to the morality of the prevailing culture combined with the needs of a government. Psalm 29s god convulses the earth with his thunderous voice and sits enthroned over the chaotic floodwaters while minor gods sing his praises. First, it categorically denounces infant sacrifice to the god Molek in Leviticus 20:25 and elsewhere. The religious politics of antiquity can be called divine patronage (Noll 2001a, pp. Athirat/Ashirta/Asherah Although the religious participant usually believes that religion derives from a supernatural or sacred reality, religion is, primarily if not exclusively, a social phenomenon, and can be investigated using all the tools available from the social sciences, biological sciences, humanities, and historical studies. the mountains melt . 20715, 2658). Later, Baals sister Anat defeats Mot and rescues Baal (KTU 1.6.ii.2627). Dimana microgaming sudah hadir sejak tahun 2014 hingga saat ini masih ramai peminatnya di Indonesia. Noll, KL, 1999, Is There a Text in This Tradition? Atran, S, 2002, In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Now Let me know what you thought of this post by leaving a comment below. In one passage, Anat is described butchering soldiers on the battlefield and adorning herself with their body parts: She hung heads on her back; The Israelites did not know whether Yahweh could provide them with abundant crops. Brill, Leiden. The Israelites occupied and conquered Palestine, or Canaan, beginning in the late 2nd millennium bce, or perhaps earlier; and the Bible justifies such occupation by identifying Canaan with the Promised Land, the land promised to the Israelites by God. Yet, in spite of much textual evidence (and a major temple dedicated to him in each of several cities), there is little by way of myth to illuminate us about him. WebStuart suggests nine reasons idolatry was attractive to the Israelites and in the cultures of the Ancient Near East. 4346. The word peace meant more than the absence of strife; it designated wholeness and well-being for the community. The references to the Asherah poles appear in Judges 3:7; 6:25-26, 28, 30. Noll, KL, 2001a, Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction, Sheffield Academic Press, London. Athirat is not the only sacred space to become a deity. In the classroom, he encourages the student to step back from personal religious commitments temporarily in order to evaluate all religious traditions evenhandedly. Fragmentary evidence from other sites shows similar economic control exerted by the temples. I have published more than 200 articles and book reviews in English, Spanish, and Russian. Noll, KL, 2001b, The Kaleidoscopic Nature of Divine Personality in the Hebrew Bible, Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches, vol. Nevertheless, there are some interesting minor distinctions. Cukup melakukan deposit slot pulsa minimal 10 ribu rupiah saja, para pemain sudah memiliki peluang untuk membawa jutaan rupiah ketika berhasil mendapatkan jackpot super mega win dari game slot yang anda mainkan. with supplement, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Pritchard, JB, ed., 1969a, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. The reason for this apostasy is not hard to understand. We don't think of ourselves as idol worshipers, yet we struggle to serve God alone in every part of our lives. The Bible speaks of an autumn festival in three stages: first, celebration of the new year (Rosh HaShanah); second, a day of repentance for sin, divine forgiveness, and animal sacrifice (Yom Kippur); and third, a week of celebration for the grape harvests (Tabernacles). /Font << /F6 6 0 R /F9 9 0 R >>
Large quantities of meat were consumed by the upper classes, which included the priests. 3137. 40-year journey in the wilderness, their Lord accompanied them, protected them, fed them, and guided them to the Promised Land. Becking, B, 2001, The Gods in Whom They Trusted . Naaman, N, 2002, The Abandonment of the Cult Places in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah as Acts of Cult Reform, Ugarit-Forschungen, vol. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. The final consonant is a suffix, and the other consonants could derive from a verbal root meaning to bend or, more likely, from a root meaning purple-dyed cloth. His mistress, the fertility goddess Asherah, gave birth to many gods, including a powerful god named Baal ("Lord"). The Bible, for example, speaks of many ethnic groups (Israelites, Jebusites, Philistines, Girgashites, Hivites, etc.) At Ugarit, the underworld god Raphiu seems to preside over a banquet on behalf of dead kings who have become gods (KTU 1.108; 1.113). The average peasant ate meat only rarely, usually at festival times. Or would the fertility god of Canaan have to be honored? The western Mediterranean is far from Canaan. The Old Testament presents the Canaanites as immoral and degraded. van der Toorn 1994, pp. As a result, many Canaanite religious practices were assimilated into Israelite religious life. Even when the Bible rejects a Canaanite deity, the god influences biblical myth. The texts often betray efforts by the elites to interfere with village life and religion. Brandon University These seem to have been the deified heads of households, the patriarchs. They abandoned the LORD, and worshiped Baal and the Astartes. 18190. Copyright Blackwell Publishing 2006. All vegetation withered, and procreation ceased. Nolls most recent publications argue that the biblical books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings were not constructed as a work of history, but rather as an anthology of story and poem loosely arranged in an artificially chronological sequence. 30411). WebIn Genesis 15:16 the LORD made reference to the Canaanites when he said, the sin of the Amorites (Canaanites) has not yet reached its full measure. God was waiting to fulfill his Because he was a young, strong god, many Iron Age kings identified Baal, especially in the form Baal-Shamem (Lord of the Sky/Heavens), as their patron deity. Vriezen, KJH, 2001, Archaeological Traces of Cult in Ancient Israel, in B Becking, M Dijkstra, MCA Korpel, and KJH Vriezen, Only One God? Apabila anda mengirim pulsa ke nomor kami yang sudah tidak aktif tanpa menghubungi customer service bukan menjadi tanggung jawab kami. The priestess or a female members of the community represented Asherah. WebCANAANITE INFLUENCE ON THE RELIGION OF ISRAEL 209 by the Hebrews of some elements at least of the religion of their predecessors. Memainkan judi slot online di era digital seperti saat ini tentunya sangat menguntungkan. 1978, A Canaanite Ritual Found in Egyptian Reliefs, Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, vol. Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, pp. Many of the ancient pagan deities lived on, however, now identified with the gods of the Greeks and Romans, the nations who controlled the people of Israel before and during New Testament times. 81126. The four ranks in human society royal, noble, peasant, and slave were mirrored by four tiers of gods (Handy 1994; M. S. Smith 2004, pp. In any case, Jeremiah 44 suggests that goddess worship remained popular in the southern portion of Canaan throughout Israelite times. Day 1989). Links Pardee 2002, pp. For instance, the NRSV translates Judges 3:7 as follows: The Israelites did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, forgetting the LORD their God, and worshiping the Baals and the Asherahs.. For example, some interpret the narrative of Numbers 25 as a Marzeah, a cult of the dead (cf. Canaan was a land bridge for merchants and armies on the move (Redford 1992, p. 192; Noll 2001a, pp. The tax system, organized as ritual offerings, regulated the distribution of meat, cereals, wine, oil, cloth, metal, and incense, as well as the production and trade of votive figurines and other handcrafted items. del Olmo Lete, G, 1994, Approaching a Description of the Canaanite Religion of Ancient Israel: Methodological Issues, in AHW Curtis, GJ Brooke and JF Healey (eds. Biblically, Canaanites are identified in Genesis as descendants of Canaan, a son of Ham and grandson of Noah. Modern knowledge of Canaans history and culture is derived from both archeological excavations and from literary sources. 4758, World Union of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem. Biblical storytellers transformed Shemesh the sun god into a folk hero named Samson (Hebrew shimshon; the name means something like sunny). Omissions? In the Bible, each kingdom has its own god (Micah 4:5) and there are seventy kingdoms in the world (Genesis 10), but Athirat, whose name has become Asherah, has been rejected as a goddess (1 Kings 15:13; 2 Kings 23:4) (J. 52985, Brill, Leiden. As Joshua had warned the new generation of Israelites, the Canaanites and their religion became the reason for Israels downfall. Links Particularly important to the Canaanites were rituals honoring the dead. The biblical texts were edited at a late date to create the false impression of a unified pan-Israelite ethnos (Noll 1999, 2001b). Thus, the expression does not mean ignorance, but unfaithfulness to God. Biblical Seminar 77, Sheffield Academic Press, London. However, biblical and 313, pp. she attached palms to her sash. Dibangun di tahun 2015, perusahaan ini sudah berkembang jadi team sejumlah 200 pegawai yang kuat dengan beberapa kantor yang berbasiskan di Eropa, Amerika Utara, dan Asia. 62, pp. The Bible describes the dead prophet Samuel as a god in 1 Samuel 28:13. Links 75, pp. The reference to a statute of the goddess (or a statute of her holy place) is very suggestive, since this Semitic word is also used by the Bible to refer to the statutes of Moses, the biblical Torah. If the Bibles claim that the Israelites were non-Canaanite migrants to Palestine preserves any genuine memory, then obviously the name provides no evidence for this, nor does archaeology provide unambiguous ethnic data (Noll 2001a, p. 163; compare Zevit 2001, pp. The state might try to co-opt aspects of village religion by regulating seasonal festivals or limiting the veneration of local gods, as can be seen at Ugarit or in the Bible. 5, pp. The sun god was called Shaphash (female) or Shemesh (either female or male). 83, pp. ), Only One God? The portion of a meat sacrifice offered to a god differed from place to place, and sometimes differed according to the type of sacrifice that was offered. Since the phrase name of El stands in poetic parallelism to Baal, it seems that the El of this poem has merged with Baal and adopted his attributes (melting mountains). Nah sebelum memulai permainan slot online dan meraih jackpot hingga jutaan rupiah. When Baal was revived, rain fell and the land again became fertile. Therefore, this essay treats Israelite and biblical religion as an outgrowth of and part of Syro-Canaanite religion (Wright 2004, p. 178). 9091, 262). 93101). Links The story in Numbers 25 involves a wedding (or perhaps a marriage bed), not a sexual rite, and a manifestation of Baal as a god who honors the dead (Baal-Peor), but it is not described as a Marzeah feast. Clearly there are differences of emphasis between these religious types. Handy, LK, 1995, The Appearance of Pantheon in Judah, in DV Edelman, The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwism to Judaisms, pp. He opened his mouth and laughed. Together, king and noblemen ruled the peasants (farmers and artisans) and slaves. This political system was also the common religion of the ancient world. For that reason, a government code might attempt to interfere, as in Deuteronomy 26:14, where the male head of household who brings his tax offering to the temple must swear that he has not given the divine patrons share of the crop to his own ancestral gods. At Ugarit, the lists of the gods and the lists of offerings to the gods do not entirely correspond with one another (Pardee 2002, p. 12). Wyatt, N, 1998, Religious Texts from Ugarit: The Words of Ilimilku and His Colleagues, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. In the following century, Canaan suffered further invasion at the hands of the Philistines, who appear to have come from Crete. It is no surprise that material objects, temple structures, artistic styles, and other cultural artifacts are relatively uniform over a vast expanse of real estate larger than the region usually designated Canaan and therefore provide no foundation for distinguishing Canaanite from various ethnic identities (Levy 1998 provides an excellent overview; see also Finkelstein 1988; Finkelstein & Naaman 1994; Bloch-Smith & Nakhai 1999; contra Zevit 2001, pp. WebAfter Israel's conquest of Canaan one of the greatest dangers to the covenant made with yahweh at Mount sinai was the widespread practice of vegetation and fertility cults by the Canaanites who had not been entirely eliminated by the invading Israelites (Jgs 2.20 23). Joshua told the people: They [the Canaanites] shall be a snare and a trap for you, a scourge on your sides, and thorns in your eyes, until you perish from this good land that the LORD your God has given you (Joshua 23:13). 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